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Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy has been a major influence in the development of 20th-century philosophy, especially existentialism and postmodernism. Kierkegaard was a 19th-century Danish philosopher who has been called the "Father of Existentialism".〔McGrath, Alister E. ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Thought''. Blackwell Publishing, 1993. p 202〕 His philosophy also influenced the development of existential psychology.〔Matustik, M. J. and M. Westphal (eds). ''Kierkegaard in Post/Modernity'', Indiana University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-253-20967-6〕 Kierkegaard criticized aspects of the philosophical systems that were brought on by philosophers such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel before him and the Danish Hegelians. He was also indirectly influenced by the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.〔Green, Ronald M. ''Kierkegaard and Kant: The Hidden Debt''. SUNY Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7914-1107-9〕 He measured himself against the model of philosophy which he found in Socrates, which aims to draw one's attention not to explanatory systems, but rather to the issue of how one exists.〔See for example, ''Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments'': "''Socrates' infinite merit is to have been an ''existing'' thinker, not a speculative philosopher who forgets what it means to exist… The infinite merit of the Socratic position was precisely to accentuate the fact that the knower is an existing individual, and that the task of existing is his essential task.''" Swenson/Lowrie translation (1941), p.184-5.〕 One of Kierkegaard's recurrent themes is the importance of subjectivity, which has to do with the way people relate themselves to (objective) truths. In ''Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments'', he argues that "subjectivity is truth" and "truth is subjectivity." What he means by this is that most essentially, truth is not just a matter of discovering objective facts. While objective facts are important, there is a second and more crucial element of truth, which involves how one relates oneself to those matters of fact. Since how one acts is, from the ethical perspective, more important than any matter of fact, truth is to be found in subjectivity rather than objectivity.〔Hong, Howard V. and Edna H. "Subjectivity/Objectivity." ''Søren Kierkegaard's Journals and Papers''. Vol. 4. Indiana University Press, 1975, p. 712-13. ISBN 0-253-18243-3〕 ==Note on pseudonyms== Many of Kierkegaard's earlier writings from 1843 to 1846 were written pseudonymously. In the non-pseudonymous ''The Point of View of My Work as an Author'', he explained that the pseudonymous works are written from perspectives which are not his own: while Kierkegaard himself was a religious author, the pseudonymous authors wrote from points of view that were aesthetic or speculative. One exception to this is ''Anti-Climacus'', a pseudonymous author developed after the writing of ''The Point of View'': Anti-Climacus is a religious author who writes from a Christian perspective so ideal that Kierkegaard did not wish it to be attributed to himself.〔Kierkegaard, Søren. ''Papers and Journals'', trans. A. Hannay, London, Penguin Books, 1996.〕 Because the pseudonymous authors write from perspectives which are not Kierkegaard's own, some of the philosophy mentioned in this article may or may not necessarily reflect Kierkegaard's own beliefs. Just as other philosophers bring up viewpoints in their essays to discuss and criticize them, Kierkegaard assigns pseudonyms to explore a particular viewpoint in-depth, which may take up a whole book or two in some instances, and Kierkegaard, or another pseudonym, critiques that position. For example, the author, ''Johannes Climacus'' is not a Christian and he argues from a non-Christian viewpoint. ''Anti-Climacus'', as mentioned earlier, is a Christian to a high degree and he argues from a devout Christian viewpoint. Kierkegaard places his beliefs in-between these two authors.〔 Most of Kierkegaard's later philosophical and religious writings from 1846 to 1855 were written and authored by himself, and he assigned no pseudonyms to these works. Subsequently, these works are considered by most scholars to reflect Kierkegaard's own beliefs.〔Watts, Michael. ''Kierkegaard''. Oneworld, 2003, ISBN 1-85168-317-8〕 Where appropriate, this article will mention the respective author, pseudonymous or not. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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